What is the foundational document in Australia that outlines the division of powers?

The foundational document in Australia that outlines the division of powers is the Constitution. This document, which came into effect on January 1, 1901, established the framework for the Australian government and delineated the powers and responsibilities between the federal and state governments.

The Constitution divides powers into three categories: exclusive powers, which are held only by the federal government; concurrent powers, which can be shared by both federal and state governments; and residual powers, which are those not specifically mentioned in the Constitution and are reserved for the states. This division is essential in maintaining a federal system of government, allowing for a balance of power and structure in the governance of Australia.

Other options do not serve as foundational documents outlining this division. The Parliament Act primarily deals with parliamentary procedures, the Commonwealth Act is not a recognized foundational legal document in the context of powers division, and an Executive Order pertains to directives issued by the executive branch, not the structural foundation of governmental powers.